Reports

Japan is confronting a profound demographic crisis characterised by an ageing population and declining birth rates. As of 2024, approximately 30 percent of Japan’s population is aged 65 or older, making it one of the world’s oldest societies. The total fertility rate remains at 1.26 children per woman, far below the replacement level of 2.10. These demographic shifts have resulted in critical labour shortages across various industries, and raised concerns about the nation’s economic sustainability. This report examines Japan’s evolving immigration policies in response to these demographic challenges, focusing on the human rights implications for foreign workers. It explores the historical restrictions on immigration, recent policy reforms, their impact on key industries, and the ongoing human rights concerns arising from these changes. Additionally, it assesses government initiatives supporting foreign workers, the challenges in enforcing labour protections, and Japan’s future immigration outlook. In recent years, Japan has gradually transitioned toward a more open immigration policy to address labour shortages. The abolition of the Technical Intern Training Program (TITP) in 2024 marked a significant shift, highlighting the government’s response to domestic and international criticism regarding human rights violations. However, while reforms are being implemented, ensuring that foreign workers receive adequate protections remains a pressing concern.

The European Union and Tunisia have maintained close political, economic, and diplomatic relations for decades, shaped by historical ties, geographical proximity, and shared strategic interests. Following its independence from France, Tunisia progressively strengthened its relations with the EU’s precursor, the European Economic Community. Tunisia was also the first Mediterranean country to sign an Association Agreement with the EU in 1995.

Domestic violence against women remains one of Nepal’s most pervasive human rights violations, deeply embedded within social, cultural, and institutional structures. According to Nepal’s 2022 Demographic and Health Survey, nearly 33 percent of women have experienced physical or sexual violence in their lifetime, with domestic violence being the most prevalent form. Despite increased legal protections, including Nepal’s ratification of international human rights treaties and the establishment of national laws such as the Domestic Violence (Crime and Punishment) Act 2009, implementation gaps continue to allow perpetrators to act with impunity. Many cases go unreported due to fear of retaliation, social stigma, or lack of faith in law enforcement, leaving victims without recourse. The justice system is further hindered by weak enforcement mechanisms, a lack of institutional support, and minimal rehabilitation services for survivors.

Statelessness is, at its heart, the condition of individuals who have no legal recognition or protection from any country. Without formal citizenship, they often find themselves unable to access vital services like proper healthcare and schooling and barred from lawful employment or the freedom to travel. Globally, around 4.4 million people are believed to experience statelessness, although the actual figure could be higher due to data shortfalls. It helps to remember that these individuals differ from refugees, who retain a home nation but flee due to threats or persecution. Meanwhile, treaties such as the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness aim to prevent and resolve the issue, but inconsistent enforcement leaves many without recourse.